Key examples sited as causing or being contributory factors are:
The film child's play 3 in the murder of james Bulger in 1993.
The game manhunt in the murder of Stefan Pakeerah in 2004 by his friend Warren LeBlanc.
The film a clockwork orange (1971) in a number of rapes and violent attacks.
The film Severance (2006) in the murder of Simon everitt.
In each case there was a media and political outcry for the texts to be banned.
In some cases laws were, changed, films banned, and newspapers demanded the burning of films.
Subsequently, in each case it was found that no case could be proven to demonstrate a link between the text and the violent acts.
The effects model contributes to moral panics whereby: the media produce inactivity, make us into students who don't pass our exams or couch potatoes who make no effort to get a job.
The media produces violent copycat behavior or mindless shopping in response to advertisements.
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